But a generation on, nature and people have adapted in sometimes surprising ways. Does eating close to bedtime make you gain weight? In the 35 years since the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl, the nearby main . The United Nations Development Programme launched a project in 2003, called the Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme, with the aim of recovering the affected areas. Wild boar have multiplied in the exclusion zone. Chernobyl is one of 425 cities in Ukraine and ranks 423 in the Ukraine population. Chernobyl currently contains offices for the State Agency of Ukraine on the Exclusion Zone Management and accommodations for visitors. The IAEA has also expressed concern about the interruption of communications and the capacity of personnel to make decisions without undue pressure. Chernobyl is about 90 kilometres (60mi) north of Kyiv, and 160 kilometres (100mi) southwest of the Belarusian city of Gomel. Nearly all the alterations involved genes in the same signaling pathway, called the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including the genes BRAF, RAS, and RET. Today, visits are allowed to Chernobyl but limited by strict rules. On April 25 and 26, 1986, the worst nuclear accident in history unfolded in what is now northern Ukraine as a reactor at a nuclear power plant exploded and burned. The radioactive cloud from Chernobyl had travelled to Poland. Natures resilience can buffer human societies from disasters, says Christophersen. Exposure to radioactive iodine (131I) from the Chernobyl accident caused an increased risk of thyroid cancer. The number of de novo mutations observed in these children were highly similar to those of the general population with comparable characteristics. Here, the current state of knowledge related to populations within the Chernobyl region of Ukraine and Belarus following the largest civil nuclear accident in history is reviewed. The radiation doses in Japan are known to have been lower than those recorded at Chernobyl.. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects.These estimates represent the Urban agglomeration of Chernobyl, which typically includes Chernobyl's population in addition to adjacent . A population count in Chernobyl was carried out in 2023. 131I gives off radiation that breaks the chemical bonds in DNA. After the disaster, in 1988, the raion was dissolved and administration was transferred to the neighbouring Ivankiv Raion. The descendants of pets abandoned by those fleeing the Chernobyl disaster are now striking up a curious relationship with humans charged with guarding the . About the National Cancer Institute (NCI):NCIleads the National Cancer Program and NIHs efforts to dramatically reduce the prevalence of cancer and improve the lives of cancer patients and their families, through research into prevention and cancer biology, the development of new interventions, and the training and mentoring of new researchers. It depends. [19], The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) said "there had been no casualties nor destruction at the industrial site". Chernobyl. DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2538. [17] Near Chernobyl has been excavated bog iron, out of which was produced iron. [17] The Chernobyl castle was rebuilt in the first quarter of the 16th century being located nearby the settlement in a hard to reach area. [5] The name is inherited from Proto-Slavic*rnobyl or Proto-Slavic*rnobyl, a compound of Proto-Slavic*rn'black' + Proto-Slavic*byl'grass', the parts related to Ukrainian: , romanized:chrnyy, lit. Later analyses concluded that, even with very conservative estimates, relocation of the city (or of any area below 1500 kBq/m2) could not be justified on the grounds of radiological health. The little-known history of the Florida panther. This newfound behavior may offer a clue to how these reptiles will respond to a warming planet. The second study documented the genetic changes in the tumors of people who developed thyroid cancer after being exposed as children or fetuses to the radiation released by the accident. Want the full story? According to the Bible, when that trumpet sounded, a great star fell from heaven, the waters became bitter, and many died. For some long COVID patients, exercise is bad medicine, Radioactive dogs? [20][42], In the greater picture of the Kyiv offensive, the capture of Chernobyl could be considered a waypoint for Russian troops advancing towards Kyiv. Moreover, an earlier short-term evacuation could have averted more significant doses from short-lived isotope radiation (specifically iodine-131, which has a half-life of about eight days). A host of animals, including Eurasian lynx, have returned to the Chernobyl area. [28] On 10 March 2022, it was reported that all contact was lost. Chernobyl was chosen as the site of Ukraine's first nuclear power plant in 1972, located 15 kilometres (9mi) north of the city, which opened in 1977. For more information on conserving, enhancing and managing carbon stocks and biodiversity in the exclusion zone and UNEPs work on biodiversity, please contact Mahir Aliyev: Mahir.Aliyev@un.org. Genetic effects of Chernobyl radiation Date: April 22, 2021 . The reactor itself contained a faulty design, and the operating staff were also undertrained. II Annex J Exposures and effects of the Chernobyl accident", International Radiation Protection Association, "J-value assessment of relocation measures following the nuclear power plant accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi", Atlas of ceasium deposition on Europe after the Chernobyl accident, "Information on the radiation state of the environment of the exclusion zone", "Wild mammals 'have returned' to Chernobyl", "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 19812010", State Agency of Ukraine on Exclusion Zone Management, Comparison with other radioactivity releases, Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme, State Institution for Radiation Monitoring and Radiation Safety, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chernobyl&oldid=1146694807, Cities of district significance in Ukraine, Ghost towns in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, Articles with dead external links from November 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Belarusian-language text, Instances of Lang-be using second unnamed parameter, Articles containing Yiddish-language text, Articles with disputed statements from September 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017, Articles needing additional references from February 2022, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 March 2023, at 12:29. 6,000.00. [17], With the signing of the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, Chernobyl was secured after[dubious discuss] the Sapieha family. Photo by Nick Beresford. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Chernobyl became the site of the Battle of Chernobyl and Russian forces captured the city on 24 February. A 30-kilometre exclusion zone was created around the reactor leaving two large towns, as well as more than 100 villages and farms, empty. On April 25 and 26, 1986, the worst nuclear accident in history unfolded in what is now northern Ukraine as a reactor at a nuclear power plant exploded and burned. Local workers said the Russian soldiers moving in those convoys were not using protective suits and could have potentially endangered themselves. [24] The risk was uncertain, but Russian military operations had already caused nuclear risks when they caused a fire in the takeover of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. By the mid-1990s, wolves were so plentiful they were becoming a nuisance to farmers. Following the Union of Lublin, the province where Chernobyl is located was transferred to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1569. Morton LM, Karyadi DM . In the second study, led by Chanock and Dr. Lindsay Morton, the researchers sequenced the genomes of . Nevertheless, the agency recognised that lack of electricity was likely to deteriorate radiation safety, specifically through the increased workload and stress on the 210 personnel working without shift changes at the site. The population in Chernobyl for 2023 is 500. Even cow's milk in some regions outside the exclusion zone can contain dangerously high levels of caesium-137 which was absorbed by grass roots and consumed by cattle. Chernobyl is known as history's biggest nuclear disaster. Only one ancient account mentions the existence of Xerxes Canal, long thought to be a tall tale. Chernobyl had a population of 10,800 in 1898, including 7,200 Jews. It was the largest civilian nuclear accident since the Chernobyl accident in 1986. View the Chernobyl . World War II saw Chernobyl occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 until 1944. Chernobyl disaster, accident in 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the Soviet Union, the worst disaster in the history of nuclear power generation. Apartment blocks have been repurposed as accommodations for employees of the State Agency. [clarification needed] The Chernobyl residents actively supported the Khmelnytsky Uprising (16481657). Science. [37], Following the Russian withdrawal, staff at the power plant raised the Ukrainian flag back over the plant. It's still illegal to remain in the exclusion zone but about 130 to 150 people do. "The tissue bank was set up by visionary scientists to collect tumor samples from residents in highly contaminated regions who developed thyroid cancer. The Washington Post further estimated that around 135 million US dollars worth of equipment had been destroyed, namely computers, vehicles, and radiation dosimeters. Chernobyl's 2023 population is now estimated at, These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the. "[11], Whether Azagarium is indeed Czernobol is debatable. Thin ice: Are rare earth minerals fuelling an arms race in the Arctic? The scientists estimated each parents radiation exposure based on parents reports of their activity and knowledge of environmental radiation around the power plant. On the morning of April 26, 1986, one of the plant's reactors exploded, triggering a massive . Chernobyl may not be fit for humans for 24,000 years, but wild horses and other endangered species are flourishing in the abandoned region. [13], The archaeological excavations that were conducted in 20052008 found a cultural layer from the 1012th centuries AD, which predates the first documentary mention of Chernobyl. Copy/paste the article video embed link below: one of the most unlikely nature reserves. Claire Corkhill of the University of Sheffield stated that the increase was localised and was due in part to "increased movement of people and vehicles in and around the Chernobyl zone [that] will have kicked up radioactive dust that's on the ground". After the April 1986 nuclear disaster, a 30-kilometer zone around Chernobyl was completely abandoned. doi: 10.1126/science.abg2538. [19] In 1600 in the city was built the first kosciol (Polish word for the Roman Catholic church). Ukraine's authorities hope that Chernobyl can be a monument not just to human error, but the ability to move on. The question of Azagarium's correct location was raised in 1842 by Habsburg-Slovak historian, Pavel Jozef afrik, who published a book titled "Slavic Ancient History" ("Sawiaskie staroytnoci"), where he claimed Azagarium to be the hill of Zaguryna, which he found on an old Russian map "Bolzoj czertez" (Big drawing)[dubious discuss] near the city of Pereiaslav, now in central Ukraine. Results were published on April 22, 2021, in Science. In an effort to make its work as widely accessible as possible to the Japanese population, . In the beginning of March 1918[17] Chernobyl was occupied in World War I by German forces[15] (see Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Along with the residents of the nearby city of Pripyat, which was built as a home for the plant's workers, the population was relocated to the newly built city of Slavutych, and most have never returned. In the 1970s they were almost rendered extinct in the wild, but a captive breeding program managed to rescue the species from extinction. Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, Goal 12: Sustainable Consumption and Production. [9] The area in a 30 kilometres (19mi) radius surrounding the exploded reactor was evacuated and sealed off by Soviet authorities. [20] In 1626, during the Counter-reformation, a Dominican church and monastery were founded by Lukasz Sapieha. By the mid-1990s, wolves were so plentiful they were becoming a nuisance to farmers. How do we reverse the trend? Morton LM, Karyadi DM, Stewart C, Bogdanova TI, Dawson ET, Steinberg MK, Dai J, Hartley SW, Schonfeld SJ, Sampson JN, Maruvka Y, Kapoor V, Ramsden DA, Carvajal-Garcia J, Perou CM, Parker JS, Krznaric M, Yeager M, Boland JF, Hutchinson A, Hicks BD, Dagnall CL, Gastier-Foster JM, Bowen J, Lee O, Machiela MJ, Cahoon EK, Brenner AV, Mabuchi K, Drozdovitch V, Masiuk S, Chepurny M, Zurnadzhy LY, Hatch M, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Thomas GA, Tronko MD, Getz G,Chanock SJ. On the Population HUB website you can find out the number of people in any of the regions of the Earth. The length of time that workers may spend within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is restricted by regulations that have been implemented to limit radiation exposure. [17] By the end of the 18th century, the town accounted for 2,865 residents and had 642 buildings. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone is still in effect as of 2021, with no plans to resettle the area. . But most of the radioactivity released from the reactor decayed rapidly. This suggests that people exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident didnt pass on any adverse effects to their children. The city's name is the same as one of the Ukrainian names for Artemisia vulgaris, mugwort or common wormwood: , chornbyl' (or more commonly poln zvychynyy, 'common artemisia'). Photo by UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. [15][16] In 1362[17] it was a crown village of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. doi: 10.1126/science.abg2365. 2021. [24], During World War II, Chernobyl was occupied by the German Army from 25 August 1941 to 17 November 1943. Widely . Sign up to keep reading and unlock hundreds of Nat Geo articles for free. Not fatal. ! [17] In the mid-18th century the area around Chernobyl was engulfed in a number of peasant riots, which caused Prince Riepnin to write from Warsaw to Major General Krechetnikov, requesting hussars to be sent from Kharkiv to deal with the uprising near Chernobyl in 1768. Radiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl accident. Insights into Chernobyl's growing wildlife populations can be found on the UN Environmental Programme's website . . Stephen Chanock and Meredith Yeager, examined whether radiation exposure causes genetic damage that can be passed to offspring. Radiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl accident. The large beasts are surprisingly limberthey are able to jump two meters . In two landmark studies, researchers have used cutting-edge genomic tools to investigate the potential health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, a known carcinogen, from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in northern Ukraine. The genetic effects of Chernobyl radiation exposure, Boosting brains waste removal system could improve Alzheimers outcomes, Subscribe to get NIH Research Matters by email, Mailing Address: Science. Population HUB - this is an accessible statistics of the population of the country, city and any other region. [17] Many of the Uniate Church converts returned to Eastern Orthodoxy. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. . Researchers have found the land surrounding the plant, which has been largely off limits to humans for three decades, has become a haven for wildlife, with lynx, bison, deer and other animals roaming through thick forests. [16], Following the return of Ukrainian control, significant damage to parts of the plant's offices was noted, including graffiti and smashed windows. The number of de novo mutations observed in these children were highly similar to those of the general population with comparable . Photo by UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Our research with Belarussian colleagues has found mammal populations in the reserve similar to other nature reserves in the region, says James Smith from the School of Environmental, Geographical and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth in the United Kingdom. Click on the video above to learn more about this unique nature reserve. In the spring of 1986, Chernobyls #4 reactor caught fire and exploded, sending a plume of radiation into the atmosphere. Shrouded in secrecy, the . Online ahead of print. Teams have worked closely with the Polesskiy Radiological Reserve in neighbouring Belarus, which was also affected by the Chernobyl disaster, creating a transboundary protected area. Lack of transgenerational effects of ionizing radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident. Hot and cold tests took place during 2020, and the facility received an operating licence in April 2021. . In the second study, led by Chanock and Dr. Lindsay Morton, the researchers sequenced the genomes of thyroid cancers from 359 people who were exposed to ionizing radiation from the accident either as children or in the womb. They also illustrate the value of the biospecimens that were collected by researchers in Ukraine after the accident. Today, the city is mostly an overgrown ghost town, with a thriving wildlife, and despite the city being uninhabitable for thousands of years to come due to the elevated levels of background radiation, guided tours of the exclusion zone do run, and there are approximately 500 people residing in the area today. The city of Slavutych was built for the people who were evacuated from Chernobyl and Pripyat. [32] On 6 April, images and videos of trenches, foxholes and other defensive structures at the Red Forest surfaced on the internet and news outlets. For nearly all the tumors, the researchers were able to identify specific mutations in driver genes that enabled the tumors to grow and survive. All rights reserved, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. [34][35], Chernobyl city was evacuated nine days after the disaster. On 7 March, it was reported that around 300 people (100 workers and 200 security guards . "In recent years, advances in DNA sequencing technology have enabled us to begin to address some of the important questions, in part through comprehensive genomic analyses carried out in well-designed epidemiological studies.". This so-called Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ), which covers 2,800 square km of northern Ukraine, now represents the third-largest nature reserve in mainland Europe and has become an iconic if accidental experiment in rewilding. The first known mention of Chernobyl comes from a charter entry in 1193, describing it as a hunting lodge. Cleanup workers were also exposed. More than 30 years on, scientists estimate the zone around the former plant will not be habitable for up to 20,000 years. Specifically, in the Chernobyl study, thyroid cancers that occurred in people exposed to higher radiation doses as children were more likely to result from gene fusions (when both strands of DNA are broken and then the wrong pieces are joined back together), whereas those in unexposed people or those exposed to low levels of radiation were more likely to result from point mutations (single base-pair changes in a key part of a gene). To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner, The gory history of Europes mummy-eating fad, This ordinary woman hid Anne Frankand kept her story alive, This Persian marvel was lost for millennia. [22] IAEA Director General Rafael Grossiannounced that the IAEA would be sending a support mission to the plant "as soon as possible. As a dominant species in the web of interaction, people have a huge responsibility to get it right. [38][39][40] [40] According to BBC News, monitoring stations in the area reported a 20-fold increase in radiation levels, up to 65Sv/h. Both reserves will allow natural forest to help cleanse contaminated land and waterways, says Aliyev. Assistant Editors:Vicki Contie andBrian Doctrow, Ph.D. NIH Research Mattersis a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIHs experts. absinthium.[5]. I call on the international community to urgently demand Russia to cease fire and allow repair units to restore power supply 1/2", "Live updates: Russian troops shelling nuclear power station", "Update 14 IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine", "Situation at Chernobyl NPP under joint control Russian diplomat", "Update 16 IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine", "Latest Ukraine updates: UN stresses 'urgent' need for talks", "Unprotected Russian soldiers disturbed radioactive dust in Chernobyl's 'Red Forest', workers say", "Russian Troops Sickened by Contaminated Chernobyl Soil: Official", "Russian soldier dies from radiation poisoning in Chernobyl", "Russian Blunders in Chernobyl: 'They Came and Did Whatever They Wanted', "Ukraine shares video it says proves Russian troops dug trenches in Chernobyl, disturbing radioactive soil", "Chernobyl scientists accused looters of stealing radioactive material from labs there", "Moscow says it will curb assault on Kyiv, Chernihiv; Russian troops seen withdrawing", "Russian troops have withdrawn from Chernobyl, Ukraine agency says", "UN Atomic Agency Chief Says He'll Lead Support Mission To Chernobyl 'As Soon As Possible', "Inside Chernobyl nuclear plant devastated by Russian troops as $135m of equipment destroyed", "Russian troops seize Chernobyl's remnants after a battle, risking Western efforts to contain one of the world's most radioactive sites", "IAEA says Ukraine nuclear power plants running safely, no 'destruction' at Chernobyl", "Why would Russia want to take Chernobyl? When the Twersky Dynasty left Chernobyl in 1920, it ceased to exist as a center of Hasidism. Find out how you can contribute to the UN Decade. Photo by UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. In the previous year, the visitor count sharply fell due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To answer this question, Dr. Chanock and his colleagues analyzed the complete genomes of 130 people born between 1987 and 2002 and their 105 mother-father pairs. [1] On 16 February 2022, satellite imagery showed Russian troops building pontoon bridges over rivers on the Belarusian side of the exclusion zone, the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve. The base of operations for the administration and monitoring of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone was moved from Pripyat to Chernobyl. PMID:33888597. average individual and collective doses to the population of the northern hemisphere were evaluated in Annex D, "Exposures from the Chernobyl accident" (1). For the nuclear accident, see, City of district significance in Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine, 18th century to Soviet times: demography and events. Czernobol is identified as Azagarium [uk], "oppidium Sarmatiae" (Lat., "a city in Sarmatia"), by the 1605 Lexicon geographicum of Filippo Ferrari[9] and the 1677 Lexicon Universale of Johann Jakob Hofmann. In April 2021, the SNRIU gave an operating licence to SSE ChNPP to retrieve undamaged used nuclear fuel from the ISF-1 interim used fuel wet storage facility. [17], Following the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793 Chernobyl was annexed by the Russian Empire[21] and became part of Radomyshl county (uezd) as a supernumerary town ("zashtatny gorod"). Effects of radiation exposure from the Chernobyl nuclear accident remain a topic of interest. We thought we knew turtles. Radiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl accident. A host of animals, including Eurasian lynx, have returned to the Chernobyl area. The new study highlights the importance of a particular kind of DNA damage that involves breaks in both DNA strands in the thyroid tumors. [17] Under the Polish Crown, Chernobyl became a seat of eldership (starostwo). Heres why Denmark is our Green country of the month, South America's 'lithium fields' reveal the dark side of electric cars. These estimates represent the Urban agglomeration of Chernobyl, which typically includes Chernobyl's population in addition to adjacent suburban areas. How nature has taken over Chernobyl, Popular Science, July 21 2021. The city of Pripyat had a population of 50,000 people and was located just 2 miles from the plant. "Scientific questions about the effects of radiation on human health have been investigated since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and have been raised again by Chernobyl and by the nuclear accident that followed the tsunami in Fukushima, Japan,"said Stephen J. Chanock, M.D., director of NCIs Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG). Many of them do so fleeing war and violence. Science. She noted that the study was made possible by the creation of the Chernobyl Tissue Bank about two decades ago long before the technology had been developed to conduct the kind of genomic and molecular studies that are common today. (At the time, Pripyat was part . 10/05/2021 Chernobyl may not be fit for humans for . Sergiy Zibtsev, a forestry expert at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, says its ironic that its taken a nuclear accident to create a richer forest ecosystem in the CEZ. Chernobyl's 2023 population is now estimated at 860. The history of book bansand their changing targetsin the U.S. Should you get tested for a BRCA gene mutation? Single dosage which would cause radiation sickness, including nausea, lower white blood cell count. National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Lost Tapes , sur Histoire TV : au cur de l'enfer et des mensonges d'Etat. The disaster forced more than 100,000 people from their homes. What place does Chernobyl have in terms of population in Ukraine? [40], Mykhailo Podolyak, adviser to the head of the Office of the President of Ukraine, was quoted as saying that it was a "totally pointless attack",[7] and "the condition of the former Chernobyl nuclear power plant, confinement, and nuclear waste storage facilities is unknown". . Cities starting with letter C 9 letters in the name. Starting in 1977, Soviet scientists installed four RBMK nuclear reactors at the power plant, which is located just south of what is, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Chernobyl may not be fit for humans for 24,000 years, but wild horses and other endangered species are flourishing in the abandoned region. [18] Jews were brought to Chernobyl by Filon Kmita, during the Polish campaign of colonization. at the National Institutes of Health, An official website of the United States government, Credit: National Cancer Institute | iStock, International research teams explore genetic effects of Chernobyl radiation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The studies were published online in Science on April 22. [15], Between 1929 and 1933, Chernobyl suffered from killings during Stalin's collectivization campaign. [20] Russia later reported that it was "working with Ukrainians to secure" the site. In the second study, researchers used next-generation sequencing to profile the genetic changes in thyroid cancers that developed in 359 people exposed as children or in utero to ionizing radiation from radioactive iodine (I-131) released by the Chernobyl nuclear accident and in 81 unexposed individuals born more than nine months after the accident. Researchers found no evidence that radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident caused genetic changes that were passed on to children. 2021 Clare Fitzgerald. Pripyat, a city of more than 50,000, was located even closer to the power plant than the city of Chernobyl and was also evacuated. UNEP Terms of Use PrivacyReport Project Concern Report Scam Contact Us. References:Lack of transgenerational effects of ionizing radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident. The city was the administrative centre of Chernobyl Raion (district) from 1923. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant's (NPP) number four reactor exploded on 26 April 1986, sending a radioactive cloud across much of Europe.
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