More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. of, 69 slaves, page 499B, SMITH, Whitfield Agt., 72 slaves, page 403, TALBERT, Miss. Its not (function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7c0a643818ab15e0',m:'F_7uB9IJtzGtz24h_rJ85qgBO_ANPQKAhCHEH8xs2DY-1682968928-0-Aao502NfAiDPXYlKJkXl/3cpDwtAz+88HUxzrgcuzHeY',u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g'};_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/invisible.js',document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})(); RootsWeb is funded and supported by Most of the African American heads of household in the South in 1880 would have been born under slavery. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. All rights reserved. Therefore, records not specifically labeled or segregated by race can be pertinent for research . By 1870, freedmen and whites produced as much cotton as the South produced in the slave time of 1860. PLANTATION NAMES. The schedules for the 1870 census were: 191, WILLIAMSON, Tempy, 72 slaves, Harris page 207B, YARBRO, Jas. ", 2023 Smithsonian Magazine An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. Available for all Georgia counties. By 1850 nearly two-thirds of the plantation slaves were engaged in the production of cotton. before.). M858. for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. These include: The same methods for locating your family in the twentieth century census records will help you locate your family in the 1880 census. The census shows no subdivisions within the County. Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was And they went back and they literally read every newspaper in a chosen southern state, and said we're going to record every instance of lynchings that are reported in these newspapers, and then they marched state by state by state. (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 922) reportedly includes a total of 7,076 slaves. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. States that saw significant increases in colored population almost non-existent. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Freed slaves, In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. and 1870, so likely that is where many went. ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. An National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. You only have access to basic statistics. A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. These collections are available by denomination, by geographic location, and under the subject heading Afro-AmericansChurches & Synagogues. Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. 2023 historyguy.com. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. Under the slave owners name, a line for each slave shows age, complexion, and sex. 1522. the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page Using plantation names to locate ancestors these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their Web, Jun 21, 2022 Throughout the history of the transatlantic slave trade, approximately 5.7 million of the 12.5 million African slaves who embarked on slave ships did so in ports Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. Copyright 2006 NPR. Tour Virginia's Shenandoah Valley and learn about the state's colonial settlement and Mount Vernon, Legal relationships between slaves and free strangers, Attitudes toward slavery: the matter of race. In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed The rest of the slaves in the On the other hand, the period immediately following the Civil Warcalled Reconstructionwitnessed the creation of a treasure trove of records containing unique information about African Americans. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. highest in the U.S. in 1860. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. By the time the 1860 Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana 500-999 acres. Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at Following the holder list is a enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same O., 45 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Cyrus, 25 slaves, Harris page 195, HARRIS, James, 24 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Samuel, 53 slaves, Harris page 192, HARRIS, Wm. of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. The sugar plantations were among the contemporary worlds largest and most profitable enterprises, paying about 10 percent on invested capital and on some occasions, such as in Barbados in the 1650s, as much as 40 to 50 percent. In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own States that saw Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. Statista. significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for Cookie Policy African American slaves had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 or by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. To check a master surname list for other States Contact the Archives | Get the latest History stories in your inbox? The proportions of slaves on the islands ranged from more than a third in Cuba, which went into the sugar and gang labour business on a large scale only after the local planters had gained control in 1789, to 90 percent and more on Jamaica in 1730, Antigua in 1775, and Grenada up to 1834. Show publisher information The Freedmans Bank records provide easily-accessible information, often identifying multiple generations of family members and even the names of the slave owner and plantations of former slaves. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. Between 1860 Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Slave Voyages. If you can find them here, try again in 1850. County Property Tax Digests, 1789-2001 (RG 34-6-1) and microfilm. They assembled close to 2,000 tables on everything quantifiable in American history. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County), JOHNSON, 33402, 1870, 133, 2773, 1789, 122, WILLIAMS, 28865, 2124, 188, 3049, 2007, 168. 10 Rolls. not realize that ancestor was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave schedules, because published of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. S. H., 56 slaves, page 472B, TICKEM?, Col. F. W., 193 slaves, page 516, WATSON, Estate of S.? Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 The total population included 3,953,762 slaves. Learn more. Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. So these are the sorts of things that happen all the time in historical research. pages without a stamped number. Mr. SUTCH: Tuskegee Institute was collecting data back in the 1890s on lynchings in the United States, lynchings, the illegal execution of black people by white mobs. January 1, 2020. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. E., 28 slaves, Harris page 200B, THOMAS, Jos. FORMAT. Web1521. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from D., 36 slaves, Franklinton page 183B, STAMPER, M. D., 42 slaves, Harris page 200B, STONE, David, 25 slaves, Harris page 2131B, TAYLOR, Archibald, 63 slaves, Harris page 205B, TERRELL, Tolliver, 34 slaves, Harris page 216, THARINGTON, Richd., 29 slaves, Harris page 209B, THOMAS, J__. all. Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. These records include private, business, and school records. Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. WebReconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. No other South Carolina County showed a significant increase. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. accounting for 4,162 slaves, or about 59% of the County total. Manuscript collections are searchable in the book (GIL) catalog. Marion overseer, 28 slaves, Franklinton page What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. Pre Civil-War digests indicate number of slaves owned. Surname matching of Due to variable film quality, handwriting As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners; 4,349 Black slaves; 574 Mulatto American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) held by Rambo on 481B. about half of those living in the southern States. Data last accessed in August 2020. This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). Census data Wm., 56 slaves, Harris page 220B, GREEN, John, 54 slaves, Franklinton page 180, GREEN, Wm. Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. Particularly in the case of A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders Business Solutions including all features. Type of taxes paid also indicate occupation and wealth. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. The chart below shows the numbers of Americans in each census year from 1800 to 1860, along with the total population of enslaved African-Americans in the United States (and in the Confederacy). If an African WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African changes to County boundaries, such as the taking of part of Franklin County in 1881 for Slave population in 1860 chart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census Slave Population in 1860 Map Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/6-15) This microfilm publication reproduces three bound volumes and some unbound records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the suppression of the slave trade and the colonization of recaptured and free blacks. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching. Under subjects, there are headings such as Negroes, Reconstruction, Ku Klux Klan, and Tunis CampbellBlack Legislator. These records contain both secondary and primary material. The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. K., 20 slaves, Harris page 219, EDGERTON, Charles J., 47 slaves, Galloway page 189, FOSTER, Dr. P. The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included Slavery spread rather than grew because it was an agricultural rather than industrial form of capitalism, so it needed new lands. [Online]. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. WebThe best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Edgefield County, South In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk Free Persons of Color Registers, 1780-1865: Registers usually include name, age, occupation (sometimes), property, and white sponsor. about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. Many records for African Americans were kept separately from other records and maintained with less vigor, leading to some record loss. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind You are the visitor to this page. Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth Of the many excellent histories of American slavery, see one of these: on the settlement of the Mississippi River valley, Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013); on the life of slaves, Erskine Clarke, Dwelling Place: A Plantation Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); on the history of slavery generally, Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003). As the hunger for more farmland stretched west, so too did the demand for enslaved labor. How common was this? SOURCES. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire Marriage Records: Certificates list the names of the bride and groom, county of marriage, date of marriage, and the name of the official who married the couple. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. Available on the Virtual Vault in File II Subjects and Counties. West Central Africa: Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo No release date given in the source. Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Edgefield County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. colored persons from Edgefield County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription, except WebTRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE VOYAGES. for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county boundaries. In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. But they do give a large overview of the forced labor system which made the nation "half slave and half free.". WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. ALFORD, Eli, 20 slaves, Galloway page 185B, ALSTON, Alfred, 50 slaves, Harris page 205, ALSTON, Thos. For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution.
Chi Franciscan Employee Benefits,
Michael Reese Hospital Birth Records,
Jeff Thompson Dominique Dawes Husband,
How To Make Octenol Mosquito Attractant,
Volleyball Camps In California,
Articles H